How do Audio Amplifiers Work?

More important (for me at least) what is an audio amplifier? Well, first of all it was invented by a man named Lee De Forest, in 1909,  by somewhat of a mistake because initially he invented a device called the triode vacuum tube (more on this in a later post), which was used to play the very first AM radio! How cool is that? It later resulted in the first audio amplifier! So , basically the audio amplifier is actually an electronic amplifier that in some way exacerbates low power audio signals that are usually in between 20 and 20000 Hz (the human frequency range of hearing). Some of the first audio amplifiers were based on vacuum tubes or valves.

Today, they use transistors (BJT, FET and MOSFET), but there are also a few enthusiasts that prefer to use tube-based amplifiers and valves, click here for more audio amplifiers circuits. There are a few important design parameters when it comes to audio amplifiers such as gain , distortion, noise and frequency response. These work independently and often the increase in one disrupts the other ones, so a perfect balance must be reached accordingly to one’s uses with the amplifier. Most of them are linear and part of class AB. Since the digital era, the DVD’s for example, almost all amplifiers are designed to use flat linear signals so usually for these kind of device a selector or a volume button may suffice.

The true purpose of the powerful modern audio amplifier comes in handy when you’re thinking large halls for public speakers and gatherings, stadiums, concerts, cinema halls, theatres, home cinemas and instrument amplifiers such as for guitars! The best contribution by far, in my opinion , in the developing of the state of the art, modern amplifier was that of Peter Baxandall who thought of the comparison of the input distortion with the output distortion. This helped engineers allot in evaluating the distortion process within an amplifier, thus resulting in the better sound quality we get today!

Goji Berry - La Baya Anti-Oxidante

Goji-berry es probable que usted haya visto o escuchado sobre el jugo de Goji Berry. Con frecuencia es exaltada en los medios de comunicación como uno de los super frutos nuevos. Realmente es un fenómeno, pero ¿qué significa realmente para el cuerpo? Bueno, se dice que para acelerar el metabolismo, tiene gran valor nutricional y también puede afectar la longevidad. Análisis y resultados de la investigación han demostrado que el jugo de la baya del goji puede afectar la tasa de crecimiento y puede ayudar a conducir a una vida larga y saludable. Goji es un tipo de baya que no se encuentra comúnmente en los ee.uu. y puede ser usado para hacer este jugo muy especial. Se ha observado que muchas de las personas mayores hacen uso de este como el secreto de su larga vida. Los científicos han observado que contiene algunos anti-oxidantes muy importante. 

Estas sustancias ayudan a evitar que las células del cuerpo se descompongan y mueran, por lo tanto, conduce a una vida más larga. En estos días, el jugo de Goji Berry se ha convertido en un producto común en el mercado por lo que se ha convertido muy fácil de encontrar jugo de Goji sin hacer ningún tipo de búsqueda ardua. Así que hoy en día, este jugo importante puede fácilmente ser utilizado por todos en todo el mundo gracias a los avances en la ciencia y la tecnología. Muchas compañías de comida occidental regularmente promocionan las bayas de Goji Berry y afirman que son un derivado de la baya “goji tibetana”. Sin embargo, el Tíbet es sólo uno de los lugares en Asia donde las bayas de Goji crecen en la naturaleza, de modo que el jugo que compre puede ser o no ser en realidad del Tíbet. Independientemente de dónde se cultiva el grano, pruebe el jugo de goji para ver si usted experimenta cualquiera de los beneficios de salud calificado y experimentado por los orientales durantevarios  siglos.

The Story of the Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty from New York or "Liberty Enlightening the World" (in everyday speech Miss Liberty or Lady Liberty) is a monument situated in Liberty Island port from New York City. It was placed at the entrance port of the island in 1886 in order to convey greetings of welcome to travelers arriving on American soil. The United States received this statue as a gift from France at the celebration of 100 years of U.S. independence. The statue has a height of 46.5 m without socket and of 93 m with socket. Its structure consists of an iron skeleton which is covered by a copper coating. The monument has a weight of 225 tons, and the color of the statue became green due to copper oxidation. Its star-shaped base is made of stone. Inside the statue is a open museum. The statue represents the goddess of liberty standing with one foot on the broken chain of slavery.

The goddess holds a plate in her left hand with the inscription "July IV MDCCLXXVI" (4 July 1776), the date on which the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America was ratified. In its right hand the statue holds a torch with a golden flame. The goddess wears a crown on its head, which is adorned with seven beams of light that symbolize the seven seas and continents, the 25 windows symbolizing the 25 gems of the world. The copper shell of the statue was designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi of Alsace and the metal frame by the engineer Gustave Eiffel, the famous architect, structural engineer and builder of the Eiffel Tower. The idea for the project of the Statue of Liberty is based on an observation that the French lawyer and politician Édouard René de Laboulaye made in 1865. In a conversation after a festive dinner at his home near Versailles, the enthusiastic supporters of the Northern States observed during the Civil War: "If a statue would be built in the United States, which commemorates its independence, then I think it is only natural that it arises through combined forces, a collaborative work between two nations".

These words inspired the sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi, who was present as a guest at the feast. The first model at a small scale and cast in bronze was made in 1870 and presented at the Universal Exhibition from Paris in 1900. Since 1906, the model is held at the Jardin du Luxemburg, Paris. The initial project was meant to be a monumental lighthouse, planned to be located at the entrance of the Suez Canal, with the Colossus of Rhodes as a motive of inspiration. It should be noted that for the construction of this giant, 300 sheets of 2.5 mm brass hammer, weighing 80 tons, and internal reinforcement, weighing 100 tons, that were projected by the famous engineer Gustave Eiffel, were used. The statue has been built in Paris in 1884 but arrived in the U.S. only in 1886. The Statue of Liberty is today the emblem of the United States and one of the best known symbols of freedom and democracy from the whole world. Read more facts about science here.

Sooner Later or Never?

There are perfect crimes after all. Even when all the evidence points in one direction it is not strong enough to make a case. We have one of those cases right now in New York. The suspect is being released in a couple of months. There are many more cases that can compare of suspects that walk free after the most heinous crimes . Makes you wonder how many are in jail that shouldn’t be and how many are out that should be in. We have it backwards, it appears. Of course, that is the exception, or we hope. In those crimes and any unpunished wrong doing we are left to hope that at some point justice will be done for what they have done onto others. That the essence of true fairness of Divine Justice will call them to order or that their Karma, all their bad energy put out will return to them with the same impact. "You get what you give" either in this life or another life. That kind of justice seems to rely on vagueness and hope that some form of retribution will be done eventually. But if it delays or never comes, I always wonder whether there is punishment already in knowing we have done wrong onto others. Can we sleep at night or are we haunted by the ghost of our actions? I would hope that our conscience be our most just and rigid prosecutor. It is possible to escape every law but I hope it is not possible to escape ourselves. The crimes and wrong doing might not be as perfect as our sense of justice or at least I would hope so.

Cellulite Solutions

Cellulite is one of women's nightmares. The reason? Cellulite gives a bad aspect to hips, thighs and buttocks, because it makes the skin look rippled and not tight and smooth. Cellulite resides under the skin and it is actually body fat that has gathered in shapes of small bags that create that bumpy aspect women dread. A body without cellulite is the dream of almost all women, but unfortunately, only 10% of all women can consider themselves totally cellulite free. Even a skinny woman can have cellulite, so cellulite is not a sign of obesity. For the rest of 90% of the women that do suffer of cellulite, there are several solutions that can ameliorate the look of the skin and make them feel more secure about their body. The most effective way to get rid of cellulite is a healthy lifestyle. This involves a lot of exercise, which include special exercises for cellulite treatment and prevention, plus a healthy fat free, low calorie diet combined with cellulite massages at least once a week. This is the surest recipe towards a cellulite free body. However, many women do not have the time to eat healthily and go to the gym.

So, there are alternative solutions to treat cellulite. For example, there are cellulite gels available in the specialized stores or on the Internet. These may be effective, or at least give a smoother look to the skin. These gels may be pricey and may need daily use. Some women prefer to get rid of cellulite through lymphatic drainage. This is a surgery that is costly, and is also painful, but after the surgery the cellulite is gone. On the other hand, special care must be taken after the surgery. Exercises are required and a proper weight loss diet plan is also essential in order to keep the body in the exact shape that it had after the surgery. If not, the cellulite will be back in no time, and the surgery won't be effective. The anti cellulite massage is a very popular method to make it go away. A regular visit to your massage therapist can destroy the cellulite under your skin and make it look good. So, if you have decided you want to eliminate the cellulite from your body, you need to choose one of the methods to get rid of it. You know it best which one suits you the most and which may have the best effects for you.

Flashback Into my Teens

I found this blog, and it gave me something to think about. What was I doing! 10 years ago. Let's see, that would be in 1995 and I would be 13. What a nice time... or maybe not. In my younger teens, I wanted to be different from everybody else. I disliked some of the people in my class, the rest I was in love with. I was obsessive (or starting to get obsessive) about music, britpop was the big thing. Which was good for me since nobody else where I lived liked it. And I wrote a lot of letters. I had pen pals all around the world, or at least all around Europe. As all teens do, I thought I was having a miserable time, and I was the only one in the world who had it like that. 5 years ago. The year I turned 18, the year 2000. Well, this autumn, my grandfather died and my mom almost burned down our kitchen. Not too good. The good bits was that I got my cat in late october. He's a funny, weird, fat and food-loving black-and-white street mix named Munti (or Merry, in english), and I can't have him with me because I'm allergic to animals. I live in a tiny little room sharing my kitchen with 7 other people.

So he's staying with grandma, otherwise known as my mom 1 year ago. Now, I had lived in Tromsø for a few months, and I was almost finished with my first semester at university. This time of year I was studying hard for exams, with some people who turned out to be not so good friends. I'm happy they are out of my life. Apart from that, I was very much young, free and single and enjoying it. This was about six months after a long-term relationship ended so I enjoyed it a lot. Yesterday. I spent the better part of the day reading for my next exam, will start writing it today. It is an assignment on the change from norse religion to christianity. It's interesting stuff. And it's only five pages so I'll be finished in no time and can enjoy some relaxing before I go home on christmas holiday to relax more! Spent the evening with my boyfriend, watched tv. Not much interesting. So. Last ten years of my life. I was thinking about it a few days ago, how this blog will be fun to read in a year or five. I've never managed to keep anything diary-like for this long before, so I am looking forward to it.

I have by the way started to look for somewhere else to live. Fed up with my neighbours, fed up with the student organization who owns this place, fed up with the way it looks here. Fed up with everything. What I would really like, is to by my own apartment, and buy all the furniture (I hope IKEA comes to Tromsø... inside joke) and decorate just how I want it. But to do that, I have to first win the lottery. And to win the lottery, I have to buy lottery tickets. And to buy tickets, I have to have money. And I don't have any money. So no apartment for me. So... it's looking for a new room to rent. Oh and I have some very big news, but they are a secret so I can't tell, in case anyone who shouldn't know happens to read this. But I am so excited! I just want to scream and go "wheeeee". I can probably tell in about a month, but then the excitement will have worn off. By the way, it is now ten minutes to nine in the morning here in Tromsø, and it is still dark out. How much does that make you want to get out of bed / your room? Not much for me. But I do have to get going. I am supposed to do my laundry in exactly ten minutes and then be on my way to catch the bus. I am so not making that today.

Accurately Haunted

Long before your sharp departure, I had been having these icy flashes of something one could call daylight inquietude. Still, the more I was sinking in everything that has been, the more unnatural it seemed to reckon that I won't be expelled from perhaps the most unwarranted thing in life, that for each minute of warmth, one must walk miles of anguish. Yet I don't give in. To come to terms with a wreckage, one must make a deal with his ghosts, it's a risky bussiness. As for me, the sole possible choice was backwards, to live inside the open wound instead of bearing the upsetting scar.

You see, things have become so much different these last years. It happened imperceivably, in slow, yet irreversible cuts, the more we got closer, everyone around started to get smaller, turning into shattery, irrelevant lines. Do you sense it? The world is meager, it's us who've grown much larger than it, overwhelming ghosts. I'm haunted by an image. It's not the one that kept following me last year, the inert body, face down in the water, the dream of forgetfulness, one who's been to hell will not come back. This time, my dream is one of stillness, hazily drawn yet somehow very similar to the softening, disentangled chills of a never ending night time taxi ride. of course, some days are harder. The hollow faces in the streets, the irksome hands in subways, they still scare me, but soon they will cease to control will avenge from what still and fully lives within, be it entire possession.

I've been feeling it for a long time, now I'm sure of it, you and I live in the very same body. Your wintry torments, they impel a harsh weight on me, sometimes in the form of a strange noose. Days like these, I forget to eat. As the steps inside become louder, my eyelids turn red and sore, heavy hands press on my chest, my collar bones ache, my body feels unbearably tight. With all disarrangement of things, I, for one, stand still. one who has but one moment to live no longer has anything to dissimulate.